against  air  attack.  The  functions  of  the  Air Force support the doctrines established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. These doctrines include gaining and maintaining general air supremacy,  defeating  enemy  air  forces, controlling  vital  air  areas,  and  establishing local  air  superiority. To  develop  doctrines  and  procedures,  in coordination   with   other   U.S.   military services,  for  the  unified  defense  of  the United States against air attack. To  organize,  train,  and  equip  Air  Force personnel  for  strategic  air  warfare. To  organize,  train,  and  equip  Air  Force personnel  for  joint  amphibious  and  air- borne  operations  in  coordination  with other  U.S.  military  services. To furnish close combat and logistical air support  to  the  Army.  This  air  support includes  airlift,  support,  and  resupply  of airborne  operations;  aerial  photography; tactical  reconnaissance;  and  restraint  of enemy  land  power  and  communications. To  provide  air  transport  for  the  armed forces. To   develop,   in   coordination   with   other U.S.   military   services,   doctrines,   pro- cedures,  and  equipment  for  air  defense from land areas, including the continental United States. To formulate doctrines and procedures for organizing,   equipping,   training,   and employing  Air  Force  troops. To  provide  an  organization  capable  of furnishing  adequate,  timely,  and  reliable intelligence  for  the  Air  Force. To   furnish   aerial   photography   for   car- tographic   purposes. To develop tactics, techniques, and equip- ment   for   amphibious   operations   in coordination   with   other   U.S.   military services. To  develop  doctrines,  procedures,  and equipment  employed  by  Air  Force  troops in  airborne  operations  with  other  U.S. military services. • To restrain enemy sea power through air operations. • To  conduct  antisubmarine  warfare  and protect  shipping. • To conduct aerial minelaying operations. Air Force responsibilities in support of space operations  include  the  following: —Organizing,  training,  equipping,  and  pro- viding  forces  to  support  operations —Developing, in coordination with other U.S. military  services,  tactics,  techniques,  and equipment  employed  by  Air  Force  person- nel  for  use  in  space  operations —Conducting individual and unit training of Air  Force  space  operations  forces —Participating  with  other  U.S.  military  ser- vices  in  joint  space  operations,  training,  and exercises THE  UNITED  STATES COAST   GUARD The United States Coast Guard has a dual role that  is  unique  among  the  services.  By  statute, organization, and operation, the Coast Guard is a military service and a branch of the armed forces always;  but  normally  it  operates  as  a  service  in the Department of Transportation. In time of war or  when  the  President  so  directs,  it  becomes  a service in the Navy but continues to perform its normal  specialized  duties. The  Coast  Guard  is  the  nation’s  oldest continuous seagoing service. Established in 1790 as   the   United   States   Revenue   Marine   (later renamed the Revenue Cutter Service), the service was an arm of the Treasury Department, under then  Secretary  Alexander  Hamilton. The  Revenue  Marine  was  primarily  a  law enforcement   agency.   Its   responsibility   was   to collect custom duties from ships entering United States  waters. Although the original role of the service was law enforcement, revenue cutters and crews took part in almost every conflict involving the United States. These involvements established the military readiness  of  the  service. 11-9