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impart   human   relations   skills   without   the   risk   inherent   in   training   by   other   methods. To  use  this  method,  first  describe  the  situation.  Then  select  students  to  play  the  parts  of  the principal  characters  and  give  them  a  short  time  to  think  through  what  they  are  going  to  say  and do.  Next,  let  the  students  enact  the  situation.  Finally,  under  your  direction,  allow  the  group to   analyze   the   enactment.   Help   them   to   evaluate   what   the   characters   said   and   did,   how   they felt,   how   they   reacted,   and   how   they   might   have   reacted   differently. Successful  role-playing  provides  a  chance  for  every  student  to  take  part  in  the  lesson.  It provides   vivid   experiences   both   for   the   participants   and   for   the   observers.   Remember,   however, that  students  can  completely  develop  their  human  relations  skills  only  through  experience. CASE   STUDY When  using  the  case  study  method,  focus  the  attention  of  the  students  upon  a  specific  case, which   can   be   hypothetical   or   real.   Collisions   at   sea,   fires,   flooding,   grounding,   and   aircraft casualties  all  make  good  case  studies.  You  will  normally  present  the  class  with  a  case  study  in printed  form.  You  may  also  present  case  studies  through  the  use  of  pictures,  films,  role-playing, or  oral  presentations. After  presenting  the  case  study,  divide  the  class  into  groups  to  analyze  why  or  how  the incident  happened  and  how  it  can  be  prevented  in  the  future.  Have  each  group  briefly  explain their   conclusions   so   that   the   class   can   learn   if   more   than   one   correct   alternative   exists. The  main  objective  of  a  case  study  is  for  students  to  learn  from  experience  and  develop problem  solving  skills. Use   it   to   help   students   identify   safety   violations   that   have   led   to incidents,  accidents,  or  casualties  and  how  they  can  be  prevented  in  the  future.  Proper  planning and   organization   are   your   keys   to   getting   results   in   using   this   method   of   instruction. DISCUSSION The  discussion  is  an  activity  in  which  people  talk  together  to  share  information  about  a  topic or  problem  or  to  seek  possible  available  evidence  or  a  solution.  When  you  use  discussion,  make sure  the  seating  arrangement  allows  all  participants  to  have  eye  contact  with  each  other.  This necessarily   limits   class   size. This  method  involves  an  interchange  of  ideas  by  the  students  while  you  provide  guidance. Used   alone   or   in   combination   with   other   methods,   it   stimulates   every   student   to   think constructively.  It  also  encourages  students  to  share  their  personal  experiences  and  knowledge with   their   classmates   and   to   contribute   ideas   as   a   means   of   solving   problems. Initiating  discussion  and  channeling  students’  thinking  and  responses  along  predetermined lines  is  called  “directed  discussion.”    This   method   is   useful   in   teaching   skills   such   as   problem solving   and   understanding   cause-and-effect   relationships. Directed  discussion  is  often  used  in  training  that  is  conducted  for  the  purpose  of  developing favorable  attitudes  toward  a  subject  or  situation.  When  that  is  your  purpose,  directed  discussion 61

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