future  of  the  United  States.  In  recent  years, however, disaffected U.S. citizens entrusted with classified information, including naval personnel, have  caused  exceptionally  grave  damage  to  our country.  Several  Navy  officers  and  chief  petty officers,   Navy   and   Marine   Corps   noncommis- sioned  officers,  and  civilians  have  willfully  and deliberately  sold  secrets  to  foreign  governments for  personal  financial  gain.  Since  1985,  the  so- called “Year   of   the   Spy,”   United   States counterintelligence  has  identified,  prosecuted,  and convicted  several  active-duty  and  retired  personnel for  espionage.  These  espionage  activities  have included  the  following  acts  of  betrayal: • Information  sold  to  the  Soviet  Union  by a  recent  family  network  of  spies  provided  the Soviets  with  U.S.  Navy  communications  and antisubmarine operational tactics. Subsequently, the Soviets arranged to obtain, through a foreign manufacturer, restricted-technology    milling equipment  needed  to  develop  more  silent  sub- marine   propellers.   Consequently,   Soviet   sub- marines  have  the  technical  capability  to  reduce their noise under water, which makes them harder to  detect  and  locate. • A U.S. Navy ship discovered that over 100 classified   documents   were   missing.   It   then submitted   a   report   to   the   Chief   of   Naval Operations (CNO) concluding that the documents were   probably   destroyed   by   accident   without being   compromised.   Copies   of   two   of   the documents  were  later  found  among  the  15  pounds of  classified  material  taken  by  a  young  sailor.  The sailor had planned to pass them to his father, a Soviet  spy  for  almost  two  decades.  Father  and  son were  sent  to  prison. • A second class petty officer, with a security clearance,  telephoned  the  Soviet  embassy  in Washington,  D.C.,  and  offered  to  sell  classified information for $1,500. Following his conviction, he told a Navy counterintelligence official that he did  this  for  the  money. • An  active-duty  chief  petty  officer  took classified  information  home  as  personal  study material. He was apprehended and charged with possible  espionage. • A Marine Corps deserter, living overseas on  the  charity  of  others,  told  an  elaborate—but untrue—story. He claimed he worked for a Soviet KGB  agent  as  a  spy  against  the  United  States. After his arrest, the marine admitted to the Naval Investigative Service that he made up the entire story  because  he  enjoyed  the  glamour  of  being considered  a  spy. • A Navy ensign was arrested after he mailed a classified electronic warfare document and two microfilm indices of key code words to a foreign embassy  in  Washington,  D.C.  The  embassy, fortunately  one  from  a  friendly  government, turned  the  material  over  to  U.S.  authorities  along with the ensign’s request for payment of $50,000. Court testimony revealed that he wanted to sell the material to raise money for his girl friend in another  foreign  country. • A  Marine  Corps  private  first  class  who deserted  his  guard  post  at  a  Marine  weapons compound  turned  up  at  the  Soviet  embassy  in Washington,   D.C.   The   marine   offered   to   sell unspecified  military  information  for  $500  to $1,000. The  United  States  loses  thousands  of  pieces of  classified  information  each  year,  apparently without a trace. A simple explanation may be that too many people in the Navy and Marine Corps do  not  follow  instructions  or  that  they  ignore regulations.  Some  of  them  maybe  disloyal  citizens who  pose  a  real  or  potential  threat  to  the  national defense. Regardless of the reason or motivation, they  all  make  the  foreign  espionage  agent’s  job easier.  We  may  never  know  the  full  national security   significance   of   many   of   these   losses because we have not been effectively controlling or accounting for all classified information. Each member of the Navy must become a full partner in the costly, but necessary, efforts to keep better track  of  vital  classified  documents  and  equipment. Only by all hands working together can we guard our personal safety, protect the national security, and  ensure  the  future  of  the  United  States  of America. NAVAL   INTELLIGENCE Intelligence, properly performed, can provide a  foreknowledge  of  important  information  for both government and military leaders. It helps our leaders  reach  sound  decisions  that  are  vital  to  the security  of  a  nation  as  well  as  to  success  in combat. It can reduce the possibility of surprise, evaluate enemy potential, and predict enemy areas of   operation. 13-10